SAP Financial Accounting & Controlling
SAP Financial Accounting (FI)
Purpose: The FI module is designed to record, process, and report financial transactions. It ensures compliance with external reporting requirements (legal, tax, etc.).
Key Features:
- General Ledger Accounting (G/L): Records all company transactions.
- Accounts Payable (AP): Manages vendor transactions and payments.
- Accounts Receivable (AR): Manages customer transactions and receipts.
- Asset Accounting (AA): Tracks company assets, depreciation, and valuation.
- Bank Accounting: Manages bank transactions and reconciliations.
- Special Purpose Ledger: Custom ledgers for flexible reporting.
Objectives:
- Accurate financial statements (Balance Sheet, Profit & Loss)
- Integration with other modules (MM, SD, etc.)
- Compliance with accounting standards (e.g., IFRS, GAAP)
SAP Controlling (CO)
Purpose: The CO module supports internal reporting and decision-making by tracking and managing costs and performance.
Key Features:
- Cost Element Accounting: Captures expense and revenue information.
- Cost Center Accounting: Monitors costs by departments or locations.
- Internal Orders: Tracks costs for specific projects or jobs.
- Profit Center Accounting: Analyzes profit by business units.
- Product Costing: Calculates costs for manufacturing products.
- Profitability Analysis (CO-PA): Analyzes profitability by products, customers, markets, etc.
Objectives:
- Budgeting and cost control
- Profitability and performance analysis
- Allocation and settlement of costs
Integration between FI and CO
- Transactional Flow: Many transactions (e.g., invoice postings, goods movements) update both FI and CO simultaneously.
- Master Data Sharing: Organizational structures (like company codes, cost centers) are often shared.
- Real-Time Updates: Costs and revenues posted in FI are immediately available for analysis in CO.
Sample Business Process Flow
- Purchase Order Creation (MM)
- Goods Receipt (MM) FI document posted
- Invoice Receipt (MM/FI) AP updated, expense posted to cost center (CO)
- Payment to Vendor (FI)
- Month-end Close (FI/CO) Allocations, settlements, financial reporting